Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Moist Chocolate Cake



ဒါလဲ Ready Made Mix ပါပဲ။ ေခ်ာကလက္ကိတ္မုုန္႕ ကိုု အိမ္ေရွ႕ အိမ္က လာပိုု႕ လဲ အစားအေသာက္ အင္မတန္ဂ်ီးမ်ားတဲ့ သမီးက ရွားရွားပါးပါး စားလိုု႕  NTUC မွာ  ေစ်းသြား၀ယ္ေနတုုန္း ဒီ Mixကိုုေတြ႕ လိုု႕ ၀ယ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ျပီး IMMမွာ Philipက Mixer ကိုုေစ်းခ်ေနတာေတြ႕လိုု႕ ကံေကာင္းစြာနဲ႕  ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။ 
သမီးက ဒီ Mix ကိုုေတြ႕ ကထဲက လုုပ္ခ်င္တယ္လိုု႕  ပူဆာတာနဲ႕  သားအမိႏွစ္ေယာက္ လုုပ္ၾကည့္ေတာ့ မဆိုုးပါဘူး။ အဲဒီအတိုုင္းရလိုု႕  ထပ္၀ယ္ထားတဲ့ Vanilla ဟာလုုပ္ၾကည့္မလားလိုု႕ ...
သူတိုု႕ ရဲက Web Site မွာ သူတိုု႕ Productေတြနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္လိုု႕  Support ေတြလဲ ေပးထားပါတယ္။ 
http://www.whitewings.com.au/



Monday, November 29, 2010

EVOKE New Online Game (A Crash Course in Changing the World by World Bank)






A game that will teach you 
1.Collaboration
2.Creativity
3.Local Insight 
4.Courage
5.Entrepreneurship
6.Knowledge Networks
7.Resourcefulness
8.Spark
9.Sustainability
10.Vision
http://www.urgentevoke.com/
VIDEO => http://vimeo.com/9094186

FRED PERRY - Fashion Apps (Japan)

FRED PERRY (အခမဲ့) 

ထုတ္ေ၀သူ : Hit Union Co., Ltd.  / ကုမၸဏီ : Hit Union Co., Ltd.  http://www.fredperry.jp/  / ရက္စြဲ (Ratings) : November 24, 2010 (12+ Ratings) / Version (Size) : 1.1 (7.4MB)
ဒီAppက အဂၤလန္က နာမည္ၾကီး ဖက္ရွင္ကုုမဏီရဲ႕  App ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒီ App ကိုု ဂ်ပန္ႏိုုင္ငံရဲ႕  Fred Perry ရံုုးခြဲကေနထုုတ္ထားတာျဖစ္ျပီး အိုုင္ဖုုန္းကေနတစ္ဆင့္ သင္ၾကိဳက္ႏွစ္သက္တဲ့ Fred Perry အက်ီၤ နဲ႕ ပစြည္းေတြကိုု ေစ်း၀ယ္လိုု႕  ရေအာင္ စီစဥ္ထားပါတယ္။


















Fred Perry Company အေၾကာင္း
အဂၤလန္က တင္းနစ္Player Mr.Fred John Perry ကေန တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။


ဒီbrandရဲ႕  အမွတ္တံဆိပ္ျဖစ္တဲ့ LAUREL of Lease ကိုု ျမင္တဲ့လူတိုုင္း ဒီတံဆိပ္က Fred Perry ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း လူတိုုင္းသိၾကသေလာက္ေအာင္ နာမည္ၾကီးပါတယ္။


ဒါေပမယ့္ Fred Perry ကိုု ဒီတံဆိပ္ကိုု မစဥ္းစားမိခင္ သူၾကိဳက္ႏွစ္သက္တဲ့ ေဆးတံကိုု တံဆိပ္အေနနဲ႕ ထုုပ္ဖုုိ႕ လုုပ္ေပမယ့္ သူ႕ ရဲ႕ ပါတနာက ခနေစာင့္ခိုုင္းေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူက အိုုင္ဒီယာေပါင္းစံုုရခဲ့ ေပမယ့္ ေနာက္ဆံုုးဆုုတံဆိပ္ရဲ႕  အလည္မွာပါတဲ့ Laurelတံဆိပ္ကိုု သြားသတိရမိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ဒီတံဆိပ္က All England Tennis Club နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္တာျဖစ္ေပမယ့္လဲ သူကသြားေရာက္ခြင့္ေတာင္းခဲ့လိုု႕  ေနာက္ဆံုုးသံုုးဆြဲခြင့္ ရရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီ Laurelတံဆိပ္ကိုု Wimbelton ႏွင့္officially သံုုးခြင့္ရရွိထားတာ Fred Perry တစ္ေယာက္ပဲ ရွိပါတယ္။ 


ဒီတံဆိပ္ရဲ႕ ထူးျခားတာကေတာ့ Classic, Elegant, Stylish and Free  စတိုုင္ျဖစ္လိုု႕  လူၾကီးေတြသာမက Musician ေတြပါ ၾကိဳက္ႏွစ္သက္ၾကပါတယ္။ တင္းနစ္ကစားေမာင္ရဲ႕  ဒီဇိုုင္းပီသစြာ အဂၤလန္ႏိုုင္ငံရဲ႕  Traditional က်က်ပံုုစံမ်ားကိုုလဲ ေတြ႕ ရွိႏိုုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။


 AmyWinehouse စတိုုင္ ဒီ ဇိုုင္းက ထူးျခားပါတယ္။
http://www.fredperry.com/women/amy-winehouse/shirt-with-checkerboard-collar.html




 ေစ်းေတြကေတာ့ ထံုုးစံအတိုုင္း 100အထက္ ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ေပးရၾကိဳးနပ္ရတဲ့ ဒီဇုုိုုင္းနဲ႕  Brand Power ရွိတဲ့အတြက္ ၀တ္ရေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ကေလးေတြအတြက္လဲ အက်ီၤေတြရွိပါတယ္။ တင္းနစ္ကစားတဲ့လူဆိုုရင္ Fred Perry ရဲ႕ အက်ီၤစတိုုင္နဲ႕ ပိုုမိုုလိုုက္ဖက္မယ္ထင္တာပဲ။
http://www.fredperry.com/home/
http://www.ec-fredperry.jp/SHOP/345081/list.html

တစ္ေလာက ဂ်ပန္ကထုုတ္တဲ့ Shopping Catelog မွာ စုုစည္းထားတဲ့  collectionေတြက သြားေရၾကစရာပါပဲ။


Fred Perry ၀က္ဘ္ဆိုုဒ္မွာ ဂိမ္းကစားရင္ IPADတိုု႕ ၊ သူတိုု႕ အက်ီၤေတြကိုု လက္ေဆာင္ေပးေနပါျပီ။
သင္အားရင္ သင့္ဂိမ္းလက္စြမ္းကိုု ျပရင္း အဂၤလန္က နာမည္ၾကီး Musician ေတြပါၾကိဳက္တဲ့ Fred Perry အက်ီၤကိုု အရယူၾကရေအာင္။




Sunday, November 28, 2010

imHungry@SG - Food App SG No.18

imHungry (အခမဲ့)
ထုတ္ေ၀သူ :  Nanyang Polytechnic ကုမၸဏီ : Nanyang Polytenic  http:// www.nyp.edu.sg/SIT/sit_m.../ ရက္စြဲ (Ratings) : September 29, 2010 (4+) / Version (Size) : 1.1.0 (iOS 4.0 Tested) (542KB)


ဗိုုက္ဆာေနတယ္။ သြား၀ယ္ဖိုု႕ ကလဲ အခ်ိန္မရွိဘူး။ အားလံုုးကလဲ မအားၾကဘူး။ အလုုပ္ကလဲ ဒီေန႔ ျပီးေအာင္လုုပ္မွရမယ္ (သိုု႕ ) ေက်ာင္းကဒီ Project ကျပီးမွရမယ္။ ဆိုုတဲ့ လူေတြအတြက္ ဒီ Appကေလးက ေကာင္းမယ္ထင္ပါတယ္။
ဒီ Appရဲ႕  Feature ကရွင္းပါတယ္။ Fast Foodေတြ Delivery လုုပ္တဲ့ေနရာရဲ႕  ဖုုန္းနံပါတ္ေတြကိုု Main Screen မွာျပထားပါတယ္။ သင္ေခၚလိုု႕ ရတဲ့ Fast Food ဆိုုင္ေတြကေတာ့ MacDonald's, KFC, Pizza Hut, Canadian Pizza, Old Chang Kee, Pastamania, Sakae Sushi, Oishi တိုု႔ ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။


Information ေနရာမွာဆိုုင္ေတြရဲ႕  ဆိုုင္ဖြင့္ခ်ိန္နဲ႕  ေျမပံုုပါရွိပါတယ္။ သင္ဖုုန္းေခၚျပီး မမွာခ်င္ရင္ သင္ရွိတဲ့ေနရာရဲ႕  ပတ္၀န္းက်င္မွာရွိတဲ့ Fast Foodဆိုုင္ကိုု Nearby နဲ႕ ရွာလိုု႕ ရပါတယ္။ 


ကေလးေကာ လူၾကီးေကာ မိသားစုုပါၾကိဳက္တဲ့ Fast Food အေၾကာင္းကိုုေတာ့ တစ္ခုုဆီ အေသးစိတ္တင္ျပပါအံုုးမယ္။





























Saturday, November 27, 2010

Almond

Almondေစ့ကိုု ေရခဲမုုန္႕တိုု႕၊ ကိတ္မုုန္႕တိုု႕ ၊ Almond Chocolate Ballတိုု႕ မွာ တင္ထားလိုု႕ စားတာက လြဲျပီး ဒီအတိုုင္းစားဖိုု႕ ဆိုုတာ ခဲယဥ္းပါတယ္။ စင္ကာပူက Herbal Drink ဆိုုင္တိုု႕  ၊ Chinese Medicine ဆိုုင္တိုု႕ မွာေတာ့ Almond Drink, Almond Jerry, Supermarket မွာေတာ့ Almond Powder Drink ေတြေတြ႕ ေတာ့ ေဆးဖက္၀င္တယ္ဆိုုတာပဲ သိထားျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 
ဒါနဲ႕ တစ္ေန႕ က်ေတာ့ ရံုုးက Seniorက Almondထုုတ္ၾကီးယူလာစားရင္း က်န္းမာေရးအတြက္ ေကာင္းတယ္ဆိုုလိုု႕  လိုုက္စားၾကည့္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အခုု ဂ်ပန္ၾကားထဲမွာ ေခာတ္စားေနတာကေတာ့ Almond ေစ့ကိုု တစ္ေန႕  (၂၃)ေစ့ ကိုု (၂၁)ရက္ စားရင္ က်န္းမာေရးေကာင္းတယ္ဆိုုပဲ။ http://www.californiaalmond.jp/press_media/detail_media.php?press_no=150
ေသြးေၾကာခဲျခင္းနဲ႕  ေသြးဆိုု႕ ပိတ္ျခင္း ?(infraction) တိုု႕ ကိုု ကာကြယ္တယ္လိုု႕ ေျပာပါတယ္။
ပံုုမွန္စဥ္းစားရင္ေတာ့ Almondဆိုုတာ အဆီထုုတ္လိုု႕ ရတဲ့ အေစ့ျဖစ္လိုု႕  အဆီဆိုုတာ က်န္းမာေရးအတြက္ မေကာင္းဘူး။ မ်ားမ်ားစားရင္ ၀မယ္။ ၀ရင္ ေသြးေၾကာခဲမယ္။
ဒါစိတ္၀င္စားစရာ ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ Opposite Effect ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္။


အင္တာနက္ထဲ ဆက္ရွာၾကည့္ေတာ့ Diet အတြက္ပါေကာင္းတယ္ဆိုုပဲ။ ဗီတာမင္အီးလဲပါလိုု႕  အသားအေရလဲလွပါတယ္တဲ့။
http://www.chocolateriewanders.com/images/pdf/health_flyer_almonds.pdf





Health Benefits of Almonds

http://www.avianweb.com/almonds.htmlFood Remedies

Almonds Provide Double-Barreled Protection againstDiabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Those who get cravings for starchy comfort foods may want to grab some almonds instead. Research published in The Journal of Nutrition shows that eating almonds may play a role in avoiding blood sugar spikes after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal that would raise blood sugar levels. The same study shows that eating almonds may help prevent oxidative stress.
"We found that eating two servings of almonds can have a significant impact in blunting the glycemic and insulin responses of the body when fed with a meal high in carbohydrates," said co-author Dr. Cyril Kendall from the University of Toronto. He added that including almonds in the diet may have implications for helping in the management of blood glucose levels. The health consequences of high blood glucose cause an estimated 3 million deaths worldwide annually, according to research published last year in The Lancet. A 1-ounce handful of almonds is an excellent source of vitamin E and magnesium, a good source of fiber, and offers protein, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and monounsaturated fats.
Lessening after-meal surges in blood sugar helps protect against diabetes and cardiovascular disease, most likely by lessening the increase in cholesterol-damaging free radicals that accompanies large elevations in blood sugar. This is one reason why low- glycemic index diets result in lower risk of diabetes and heart disease.
Almonds appear to not only decrease after-meal rises in blood sugar, but also provide antioxidants to mop up the smaller amounts of free radicals that still result. (Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Journal of Nutrition)
Researchers fed 15 healthy subjects 5 meals providing a comparable amount of carbohydrate, fat and protein: 3 test meals (almonds and bread, parboiled rice, and instant mashed potatoes) and 2 bread control meals. Blood samples, taken before each meal and 4 hours afterwards, showed levels of protective antioxidants increased after the almond meal, but decreased after the other meals. And not only did the almond meal increase antioxidant levels, but unlike the other foods, almonds also lowered the rise in blood sugar and insulin seen after eating.
Further research shows that eating almonds along with a high glycemic index food significantly lowers the glycemic index of the meal and lessens the rise in blood sugar after eating. (Jones AR, Kendall CW,Metabolism)
In this study, after an overnight 10-12 hour fast, 9 healthy volunteers were randomly fed 3 test meals and 2 white bread (high glycemic) control meals on separate days. Each meal contained 50 grams of carbohydrate from white bread eaten either alone or in combination with 1, 2, or 3 ounces of almonds. To check subjects' rise in blood sugar, blood samples were taken for glucose analysis immediately after eating, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes.
Eating almonds reduced the glycemic index (GI) of the meal and subjects' rise in blood sugar in a dose-dependent manner - the more almonds consumed, the lower the meal's GI and the less the rise in subjects' blood sugar after eating.
When one-ounce of almonds was eaten along with white bread, the GI of the meal (105.8) was comparable to eating white bread alone, but when two ounces of almonds were consumed with the white bread, the GI dropped to 63, and when 3 ounces of almonds were eaten, the GI was only 45.2 - less than half the GI of the white bread only meal.
Subjects' blood sugar rose 2.8 mmol/L after eating only white bread. When one ounce of almonds was eaten with the bread, blood sugar rose 2.2 mmol/L. Eating two ounces of almonds with the bread resulted in a rise in blood sugar of 2.0 mmol/L, and eating three ounces of almonds caused blood sugar to rise only 1.6 mmol/L - less than half the rise seen after eating white bread alone.

Healthy Nails
Almonds contain fatty acids that are shown to improve nail growth. Eating as few as 6 almonds a day can produce visible results.

Practical Tips:
Don't just enjoy almonds as a between-meal snack. Spread a little almond butter on your toast or down the center of a stalk of celery. Add a handful of lightly roasted almonds to your salad or chop and use as a topping for pasta, steamed or healthy sautéed vegetables. When eating foods with a higher glycemic index, including almonds in the meal can help keep your blood sugar under control.

Here are my favorite Almond recipes (great for anyone on a low carb diet):
Pesto Almonds:
    • 2 egg whites
    • 1/4 cup packed fresh basil leaves
    • 2 cups whole natural almonds
    • 1/4 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese
    • 1 teaspoon salt
    • 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
Preheat oven to 225 Degree Fahrenheit. Line a large baking sheet with parchment paper and set aside. Combine the egg whites and basil in a blender; process on low speed until mixture is pureed. Toss egg white mixture with the almonds. Drain in a colander. Stir together cheese, salt and garlic powder. Add drained almonds and toss to coat. lace almonds in a single layer on prepared baking sheet. Bake for 1 hour, stirring every 15 minutes. Cool completely and store in an airtight container. Serves 8.

Low-Carb Almond Pancakes: Mix 1 cup almond flour (you can just grind up almonds and use that), 2 eggs, 1/4 cp of water, 2 T oil, 1/4 teaspoon salt, 1 T Sweetner (I use Stevia). Mix ingredients together and cook as you would other pancakes. Nutritional Value: Yields six 4-inch pancakes, each pancake has 1 gram effective carbohydrates (as long as you use a no-carbsweetener), 2 grams of fiber, 6 grams of protein, and 155 calories.

Non Dairy, No wheat, Almond-flour Bread Recipe (Almond flour)
  • Ingredients:
    • 2 cups finely ground almonds (if possible grind until becomes nut butter)
    • 3 whipped egg whites (that have peaked)
    • 1 tablespoon organic virgin coconut oil (melted)
    • 1/2 teaspoon bicarbonate of soda
    • 1/4 teaspoon salt
  • Mix all ingredients, except egg whites, in food processor. Remove, put into bowl.
  • Add whipped egg whites.
  • Bake in bread pan at 350oF (180oC) until light brown on top and a toothpick comes out clean when you test it by inserting it in the centre of the loaf.
  • Notes: You can add a little black pepper, garlic powder and mixed herbs. Alternatively add 2 cloves garlic, a half courgette and chop all together in a food processor and then add whipped eggs and mix by hand. Because it is a wetter mixture it is suggested that it is baked in a pie plate so that it cooks a little better inside. If you plan to use for stuffing a chicken or turkey, you can take out the courgette and add fresh sage, rosemary and thyme (or any other flavors you would like).

Orange & Almond Cake:
  • Ingredients:
    • 2 large navel oranges
    • 6 eggs, separated
    • 1 tbl orange liqueur (or orange water)
    • Stevia to sweeten
    • 300 grams almond meal
    • 1tsp baking powder
    • Thickened cream to serve
  • Grease and lightly flour a cake tin. Place the whole oranges in a medium saucepan, cover with water and boil for 2 hours, topping up with more water as it evaporates. Remove the oranges. Preheat the oven to 180C. Cut the oranges into quarters and place in a food processor. Blend until smooth, then cool thoroughly. Place the egg yolks, orange liqueur (or orange water) and Stevia in a large bowl and beat until smooth, then stir in the orange puree and mix well. Whisk the egg whites in a dry bowl until firm peaks form. Add the almonds and baking powder in the orange mixture, stir together well, then carefully fold in the egg whites. Gently pour into the cake tin and bake on the middle shelf of the oven for 1 hour. Cool cake in tin, then transfer to a serving plate. Serve with cream.


Relevant Web Resources:


စင္ကာပူမွာေနေတာ့ ကံေကာင္းပါတယ္။ Almond ေစ့လိုုခ်င္ရင္ တရုုတ္ေဆးဆိုုင္မွာ ေျပး၀ယ္ရံုုပါပဲ။ ၄၀၀ ဂရမ္ကိုု ၅က်ပ္ေလာက္ပဲ ေပးရပါတယ္။ ကီလိုုခ်ိန္နဲ႕ ၀ယ္ခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ Bugis က အစားအေသာက္ေတြ လက္လီလက္ကားေရာင္းတဲ့ ဆိုုင္ဘက္ကိုု ေျပးလိုုက္ရင္ ရပါတယ္။ အဲဒီေနရာမွာကေတာ့ Almondတင္မကဘူး။ ဘီစကစ္လီလိုု၀ယ္မလား၊ ပုုဇြန္ေျခာက္ကီလိုု၀ယ္မလား၊ Pistachio ကီလိုု၀ယ္မလား၊ တရုုတ္ ပုုဇြန္ေက်ာ္လိပ္မုုန္႕ ကိုု ကီလိုုလိုုက္၀ယ္မလား အကုုန္ရပါတယ္။

ေလွာ္ျပီးသား Almondမရွိရင္ အစိမ္း၀ယ္လာျပီး အိမ္မွာရွိတဲ့ Microwave Ovan ထဲထည့္လိုုက္ရံုုပါပဲ။
ေလွာ္ျပီးသား အာမြန္ေတြကိုု ဖန္ပုုလင္းထဲ ထည့္ျပီး တီဗီၾကည့္ေနခ်ိန္မွာ စားၾကရေအာင္။

Friday, November 26, 2010

Pan Cake with Vegi











Original Receipt ထဲကိုု ထမင္းေၾကာ္ဖိုု႕  ၀ယ္ထားတဲ့ Vegitable Mix နဲ႕  Ham ကိုုအရွည္လိုုက္ ပါးပါးလွီးျပီး အငံစမ္းၾကည့္တာ ေကာင္းမယ့္ပံုုပါပဲ။ 
ဒီေလာက္ေလာက္မ်ားမ်ားေလး အခ်ိန္ရရင္ လုုပ္ထားျပီး ဓတ္ပံုုရိုုက္ထားအံုုးမွ။
















Pan Cake Receipe ဘယ္ေလာက္မ်ားရွိႏိုုင္လဲလိုု႕  ရွာၾကည့္ေတာ့ (၁၁၉ )ကိုု ေအာက္မွာေတြ႕ ပါတယ္။ http://cookpad.com/category/1562
အခ်ိန္ရရင္ ထပ္ရွာထားအံုုးမွ။ 
East နဲ႕ West ေပါင္းၾကျပီး ဂ်ပန္စတိုုင္ Pan Cake, ယိုုးဒယားစတိုုင္ အုုန္းႏိုု႕ Pan Cake တိုု႕ ကိုုေတြ႕ မိေတာ့ ငပိ Pan Cake, ပဲျပဳတ္ Pan Cake (ျမန္မာျပည္မွာ မုုန္႕ ျပားသလက္ကေတာ့ ရွိျပီးသား)တိုု႕  ပုုန္းရည္ၾကီး Pan Cake စသည္တိုု႕ ကိုု ေတြးျပီး လုုပ္ၾကည့္မွပဲလိုု႕  စဥ္းစားမိေကာ။


ဒါေပမယ့္ ေသခ်ာတာကေတာ့ လက္ဖက္ Pan Cake က Image အရေကာ Idea အရေကာ အရသာအရေကာ ေကာင္းမယ့္ပံုုပဲ။ 





Thursday, November 25, 2010

IPHONE Airprint

လမ္းေပၚမွာ အလုုပ္လုုပ္တာမ်ားလိုု႕   အိုုင္ဖုုန္းနဲ႕  အီးေမးလ္စစ္၊ စာရိုုက္၊ အဲဒီအထိေတာ့ ေကာင္းပါတယ္။
အဲဒီေနာက္ Print လုုပ္ခ်င္လိုု႕  ဒုုတ္ခေရာက္ေပါင္းလဲ မ်ားလွပါျပီ။ ဒါနဲ႕  ေန႕ တိုုင္းလိုုလုုိ အိုုင္ဖုုန္းနဲ႕   Print ထုုတ္လိုု႕  ရရင္ေကာင္းမွာပဲ။  အိုုင္ဖုုန္းနဲ႕  Print  ထုုတ္လိုု႕ ရရင္ေကာင္းမွာပဲလိုု႕  အခါ (၁၀၀) မကေအာ္ေနတုုန္း အိုုင္ဖုုန္း OS ကိုု Update လုုပ္ေတာ့ Print Function ပါ ပါလာပါတယ္။


ဒါေပမယ့္ ၀မ္းနည္းစရာက ေအာက္က Printer (၁၁)ခုုပဲ ေလာေလာဆယ္သံုုးလိုု႕ ရေသးလိုု႕ ပါ။
Print Service Companyတိုု႕ ၊ ဟိုုတယ္ရဲ႕  Business Centerတိုု႕ မွာေတာင္ရွိမဲ့ ပံုုမေပၚေသးပါဘူး။
ထပ္ျပီး ေစာင့္လိုုက္ပါအံုုးမယ္။ လည္ပင္းရွည္စြာနဲ႕ ။



AirPrint-enabled printers




From here

Wednesday, November 24, 2010

Photo Uploading Problem - Nov 24, 2010 3PM

ဘယ္လိုုပဲလုုပ္လုုပ္၊  ကိုုယ့္ Desktop ထဲက ဓတ္ပံုုကိုုယ္ပိုုင္ကိုု Blog ထဲကိုု Upload လုုပ္လိုု႕ မရ ျဖစ္ေနတယ္။
 Server Reject, You don't have authorization for this photo ဆိုုျပီး Message ထြက္လာတယ္။ 
မွားပါတယ္။ ကိုုယ့္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၊ ကိုုယ့္ Desktop၊ ကိုုယ္ရိုုက္ထားတဲ့ ကိုုယ့္ဓတ္ပံုုကိုု ကိုုယ့္ဘာသာကိုုယ္ ကိုုယ့္ Blog ကိုုတင္တာ ဘာျဖစ္လိုု႕  Authorize က မရွိရတာပါလိမ့္။


စဥ္းစားလိုု႕ ကိုုမရဘူး။ Blog ထဲက Help ကုုိ၀င္ဖတ္ၾကည့္ေတာ့လဲ တစ္ခုုမွ အသံုုးမ၀င္ဘူး။
ဘယ္ကမ်ား Hack ထားတာပါလိမ့္။

KFC









Santa Claus နဲ႕ တူတဲ့ KFCဖိုုးဖိုုးၾကီးအေၾကာင္းက ေအာက္ပါအတိုုင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
၁၈၉ ၀၊၉ ၊၉  - အေမရိကန္ႏိုုင္ငံ Indiana State, Henryville ျမိဳ႕ မွာ Harland Sanders ကိုုေမြးဖြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၀၀-၁၉ ၂၄
Harland Sanders က ငယ္စဥ္မွာ Farm Hand, Streetcar Conductor, Army Conductor, Army Private in Cuba, Blacksmith's Helper, Rail  Yard Fireman, Insurance Salesman, Tire Salesman, Service Operator for Standard Oil စသည့္  အလုုပ္ေပါင္းမ်ိဳးစံုုကိုု လုုပ္ကိုုင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၃၀ - ႏိုုင္ငံစီးပြားေရးမေကာင္းခ်ိန္မွာ Harland Sanders က Kentucky State, Corbin ျမိဳ႕ ရွိ Gas Stationရဲ႕  အေရွ႕ အခန္းငယ္ကေလးမွာ သူ႕ ရဲ႕ ပထမဆံုုး စားေသာက္ဆိုုင္ျဖစ္တဲ့ "Sanders Court & Cafe" ကိုု ဖြင့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၃၆ -  Kentucky ျမိဳ႕ ေတာ္၀န္ Ruby Laffoon က Harland Sanders ကိုု ျမိဳ႕ ရဲ႕  ဂုုဏ္ထူးေဆာင္ cuisineအတြက္ Honorary Kentucky Colonel ဘြဲ႕ ကိုု အပ္ႏွင္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၃၆ - "Sanders Court & Cafe" ဆိုုင္ကိုု Motelႏွင့္တြဲကာ ဆုုိင္ကိုု ၁၄၂ခံုုအထိ ခ်ဲ႕ ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၃၉  - Ducan Hines ရဲ႕  "Adventures in Good Eating" စာရင္းထဲမွာ ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီႏွစ္မွာပဲ ကံဆိုုးစြာနဲ႕  စားေသာက္ဆိုုင္ကိုု မီးေလာင္ခဲ့လိုု႕  အစအဆံုုးျပန္ဖြင့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Pressure Cooker သံုုးစြဲျခင္းလဲ စခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီေနာက္မွာပဲ Colonel Sanders က သူ႕ ရဲ႕ စားသံုုးသူေတြကိုု လတ္ဆတ္တဲ့ ၾကက္ေၾကာ္ကိုု စျပီးေၾကာ္ျပီးမွ Serve လုုပ္ပါေတာ့တယ္။
၁၉ ၄၀ - ဒီႏွစ္မွာ Kentucky Fried Chicken ရဲ႕  Original Receipe ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၄၉  - Sanders က Claudia Priceနဲ႕  လက္ထပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၅၂ - Colonelက ဒီႏွစ္ကစျပီး ျမိဳ႕ ေတြကိုု ခရီးသြားကာ သူ႕ ရဲ႕ Franchising စနစ္ကိုု ျဖန္႕ ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Salt Lake City မွာရွိတဲ့ သူ႕ ရဲ႕  Franchise Owner Mr.Pete Harman ကိုု ဆုုေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၅၅ - Kentucky State, Corbin မွာ Interstate Highway ေဆာက္လိုု႕  သူ႕ ရဲ႕ Service Station ကိုုေရာင္းကာ ပထမဆံုုး Social Security Check US$150 ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။  ဒါေပမယ့္ အေၾကြးေတြကိုု ဆပ္ျပီးတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ Broke (virtully) ျဖစ္လိုု႕  သူ႕ ရဲ႕ secret receipe ေတြကိုု စားေသာက္ဆိုုင္ေတြကိုု သြားျပီး လွည့္လယ္ကာ ေရာင္းခ်ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၅၇ - Buckets မွာ Kentucky Fried Chicken ကိုုစတင္ေရာင္းခ်ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
၁၉ ၆၀ - Colonel's ရဲ႕  ၾကိဳးစားမႈေၾကာင့္ KFC Franchisees ၁၉ ၀ ရွိျပီး Franchise Units ၄၀၀ အေမရိကန္နဲ႕ ကန္ေနဒါမွာ ဖြင့္လွစ္ႏိုုင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
KFC Singapore - http://www.kfc.com.sg/
ဖုုန္းဆက္ျပီး မွာႏိုုင္ရံုုသာမက online ကေနနဲ႕  order လုုပ္ႏိုုင္ပါတယ္။
ကေလးေတြအတြက္ကေတာ့ Chickey Meal ၀ယ္ရင္ အရုုပ္ကေလးေတြပါလက္ေဆာင္ရပါတယ္။
စင္ကာပူမွာ နာမည္ၾကီးတဲ့ Egg Tart ကိုု အခုု KFCမွာလဲ ၀ယ္လိုု႕ ရေနပါျပီ။ 

အာရွမွာေတာ့ တရုုတ္၊ ေဟာင္ေကာင္၊ အိႏိယ၊ အင္ဒိုုေနးရွား၊ ဂ်ပန္၊ ကိုုရီးယား၊ မေလးရွား၊ ပါကစ္စတန္၊ ဖိလစ္ပိုုင္၊ စင္ကာပူ၊ တိုုင္၀မ္၊ ယိုုးဒယား၊ တာကီနဲ႕ ဗီယက္နမ္ တိုု႕ မွာဖြင့္ထားပါတယ္။

ေတာ္လွန္ေရး (ျပင္သစ္) - 2

ベルサイユの薔薇 ရဲ႕  ဇတ္ေကာင္ ဖြဲ႕ စည္းမႈကေတာ့ မင္းသား၊ မင္းသမီး၊ လုုအိ(၁၆)၊ မယ္ရီ အန္းေတာ့၀ဒ္၊ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား၊ ဘုုရင့္မိသားစုု၀င္မ်ား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
 ဒီျပင္သစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးရဲ႕  ျပသနာကိုု အားလံုုးက အစကေတာ့ မယ္ရီ အန္းေတာ့၀ဒ္ ဘုုရင္မကိုု အျပစ္ပံုုခ်ၾကပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုုင္းမွာေတာ့ ဘုုရင္မရဲ႕ အျပစ္ေတြနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ျပီး သုုေသတနျပဳၾကေတာ့ အတင္းစကားကေနျပီး အတည္ျဖစ္သြားတဲ့ သေဘာျဖစ္သြားပါတယ္။ အခုုေခာတ္စကားအရဆိုုရင္ PR (Public Relation) ၀န္ထမ္းမရွိရင္ ဒီလိုုျဖစ္သြားႏိုုင္တယ္လိုု႕ ေျပာရမလိုု ျဖစ္ေနျပီ။ ႏိုုင္ငံတိုုင္းမွာ ဒီလိုုျပသနာေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ PR မႏိုုင္ရင္ေတာ့ ျမန္မာျပည္လိုုမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္မယ္ထင္တာပဲ။ 
ျပီးေတာ့ သင့္ပတ္၀န္းက်င္မွာ သင့္ရဲ႕ အတြင္းလူက သင့္ကြယ္ရာမွာ သင့္အတင္းေတြ လိုက္ခ်ေနျပီဆိုရင္ေတာ့ သတိသာ ထားေပေတာ့။ မယ္ရီ အန္းေတာ့၀ဒ္လို ဘ၀ကို မရႈမလွ ဇတ္သိမ္းရဖို႕ မ်ားပါတယ္။





















ေနာက္ဆံုုးေတာ့ ဘုုရင္မက ျပင္သစ္နန္းတြင္းထဲက သူ႕ ေယာက္ကထီးရဲ႕  ေနာက္မိန္းမနဲ႕ သူ႕ ေယာင္းမေတြ အားျပိဳင္တဲ့အရႈပ္ေတာ္ပံုုထဲက က်ားကြက္တစ္ခုုျဖစ္သြားျပီး၊ သူ႕ ေယာက္က်ားညံ့ျဖင္းမႈလဲပါသလိုု၊ သူရဲ႕ လိုုအပ္မႈ၊ ေလာကၾကီးရဲ႕  ညစ္ပတ္မႈ အားလံုုးစုုသြားျပီး အခုုလိုုျဖစ္သြားတယ္လိုု႕ ဆိုုပါတယ္။ သူက ေအာ္စတီရားကေနျပီး ျပင္သစ္ကိုု တစ္ေယာက္ထဲလာရတာလဲ သနားပါတယ္။ ကံမေကာင္းတဲ့ ဘုုရင္မထဲက တစ္ေယာက္ပါပဲ။


ဘုုရင္မရဲ႕  နာမည္ၾကီး စကားတစ္ခြန္းကေတာ့ 
"ေပါင္မုုန္႕ မရွိရင္ မုုန္႕ စားပါလား" ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ျပင္သစ္လိုုကေတာ့ “Qu'ils mangent de la brioche”.

အခ်ိန္ရရင္ ဘုုရင္မအေၾကာင္းကိုု အေသးစိတ္ေရးလိုုပါတယ္။
ဆက္ရန္...

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

Five-year plan

Five-year plans of Vietnam

The five-year plans of Vietnam or the Subsidy phase (Vietnamese: thời bao cấp) were a series of economic development initiatives. The Vietnamese economy was shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms.
Planning is a key characteristic of centralized, communist economies, and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. According to Vietnamese economist Vo Nhan Tri, Vietnam's post-reunification economy was in a "period of transition to socialism." The process was described as consisting of three phases. The first phase, from 1976 through 1980, incorporated the Second Five-Year Plan (1976-80)--the First Five-Year Plan (1960-65) applied to North Vietnam only. The second phase, called "socialist industrialization," was divided into two stages: from 1981 through 1990 and from 1991 through 2005. The third phase, covering the years 2006 through 2010, was to be time allotted to "perfect" the transition.
The party's goal was to unify the economic system of the entire country under communism. Steps were taken to implement this goal at the long-delayed Fourth National Party Congress, convened in December 1976, when the party adopted the Second Five-Year Plan and defined both its "line of socialist revolution" and its "line of building a socialist economy." The next two congresses, held in March 1982 and December 1986, respectively, reiterated this long-term communist objective and approved the five-year plans designed to guide the development of the Vietnamese economy at each specific stage of the communist revolution.

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[edit] The Second Five-Year Plan (1976-80)

The optimism and impatience of Vietnam's leaders were evident in the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan set extraordinarily high goals for the average annual growth rates for industry (16 to 18 percent), agriculture (8 to 10 percent), and national income (13 to 14 percent). It also gave priority to reconstruction and new construction while attempting to develop agricultural resources, to integrate the North and the South, and to proceed with communization.
Twenty years were allowed to construct the material and technical bases of communism. In the South, material construction and systemic transformation were to be combined in order to hasten economic integration with the North. It was considered critical for the VCP to improve and extend its involvement in economic affairs so that it could guide this process. Development plans were to focus equally on agriculture and industry, while initial investment was to favor projects that developed both sectors of the economy. Thus, for example, heavy industry was intended to serve agriculture on the premise that a rapid increase in agricultural production would in turn fund further industrial growth. With this strategy, Vietnamese leaders claimed that the country could bypass the capitalist industrialization stage necessary to prepare for communism.
Vietnam was incapable, however, of undertaking such an ambitious program on its own and solicited financial support for its Second Five-Year Plan from Western nations, international organizations, and communist allies. Although the amount of economic aid requested is not known, some idea of the assistance level envisioned by Hanoi can be obtained from available financial data. The Vietnamese government budget for 1976 amounted to US$2.5 billion, while investments amounting to US$7.5 billion were planned for the period between 1976 and 1980.
The economic aid tendered to Hanoi was substantial, but it still fell short of requirements. The Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe offered assistance that was probably worth US$3 billion to US$4 billion, and countries of the Western economic community pledged roughly US$1 billion to US$1.5 billion.

[edit] The Third Five Year Plan (1981-85)

By 1979 it was clear that the Second Five-Year Plan had failed to reduce the serious problems facing the newly unified economy. Vietnam's economy remained dominated by small-scale production, low labor productivity, unemployment, material and technological shortfalls, and insufficient food and consumer goods.
To address these problems, at its Fifth National Party Congress held in March 1982, the VCP approved resolutions on "orientations, tasks and objectives of economic and social development for 1981-85 and the 1980s." The resolutions established economic goals and in effect constituted Vietnam's Third Five-Year Plan (1981-85). Because of the failure of the Second Five-Year Plan, however, the Vietnamese leadership proceeded cautiously, presenting the plan one year at a time. The plan as a whole was neither drawn up in final form nor presented to the National Assembly of Vietnam for adoption.
The economic policies set forth in 1982 resulted from a compromise between ideological and pragmatic elements within the party leadership. The question of whether or not to preserve private capitalist activities in the South was addressed, as was the issue of the pace of the South's communist transformation. The policies arrived at called for the temporary retention of private capitalist activities in order to spur economic growth and the completion, more or less, of a communist transformation in the South by the mid-1980s.
The plan's highest priority, however, was to develop agriculture by integrating the collective and individual sectors into an overall system emphasizing intensive cultivation and crop specialization and by employing science and technology. Economic policy encouraged the development of the "family economy"; that is, the peasants' personal use of economic resources, including land, not being used by the cooperative. Through use of an end-product contract system introduced by the plan, peasant households were permitted to sign contracts with the collective to farm land owned by the collective. The households then assumed responsibility for production on the plots. If production fell short of assigned quotas, the households were to be required to make up the deficit the following year. If a surplus was produced, the households were to be allowed to keep it, sell it on the free market, or sell it to the state for a "negotiated price." In 1983 the family economy reportedly supplied 50 to 60 percent of the peasants' total income and 30 to 50 percent of their foodstuffs.
Free enterprise was sanctioned, thus bringing to an end the nationalization of small enterprises and reversing former policies that had sought the complete and immediate communization of the South. The new policy especially benefited peasants (including the overwhelming majority of peasants in the South) who had refused to join cooperatives, small producers, small traders, and family businesses.
The effort to reduce the capitalist sector in the South nevertheless continued. Late in 1983, a number of import-export firms that had been created in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) to spur the development of the export market were integrated into a single enterprise regulated by the state. At the same time, the pace of collectivization in the countryside was accelerated under the plan. By the end of 1985, Hanoi reported that 72 percent of the total number of peasant households in the South were enrolled in some form of cooperative organization.
Despite the plan's emphasis on agricultural development, the industrial sector received a larger share of state investment during the first two years. In 1982, for example, the approximate proportion was 53 percent for industry compared with 18 percent for agriculture. Limiting state investment in agriculture, however, did not appear to affect total food production, which increased 19.5 percent from 1980 to 1984.
The plan also stressed the development of small-scale industry to meet Vietnam's material needs, create goods for export, and lay the foundation for the development of heavy industry. In the South, this entailed transforming some private enterprises into "state-private joint enterprises" and reorganizing some small-scale industries into cooperatives. In other cases, however, individual ownership was maintained. Investment in light industry actually decreased by 48 percent while investment in heavy industry increased by 17 percent during the first two years of the plan. Nonetheless, the increase in light-industry production outpaced that of heavy industry by 33 percent to 28 percent during the same two-year period.
The July 1984 Sixth Plenum (Fifth Congress) of the VCP Central Committee recognized that private sector domination of wholesale and retail trade in the South could not be eliminated until the state was capable of assuming responsibility for trade. Proposals therefore were made to decentralize planning procedures and improve the managerial skills of government and party officials.
These plans were subsequently advanced at the Central Committee's Eighth Plenum (Fifth Congress) in June 1985. Acting to disperse economic decision making, the plenum resolved to grant production autonomy at the factory and individual farm levels. The plenum also sought to reduce government expenditures by ending state subsidies on food and certain consumer goods for state employees. It further determined that all relevant costs to the national government needed to be accounted for in determining production costs and that the state should cease compensating for losses incurred by state enterprises. To implement these resolutions, monetary organizations were required to shift to modern economic accounting. The government created a new dong in September 1985, and set maximum quotas for the amount permitted to be exchanged in bank notes. The dong also was officially devalued.

[edit] The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1986-90)

The central economic objectives of the Fourth Five-Year Plan were to increase production of food, consumer goods, and export goods. Increasing food production was of primary importance. Grain production was targeted to reach 22 to 23 million tons annually by 1990, and rice production was planned to total 19 to 20 million tons annually. Combined output for subsidiary crops was established at about 3 million tons annually. Planned annual per capita food production was set at 333 to 348 kilograms, and an effort was initiated to bring subsidiary food crops (corn, sweet potatoes, manioc, and white potatoes) into the people's diet.
Grain-production policy was accompanied by measures dealing with land use, water conservation, Mekong Delta irrigation works, Red River Delta dike consolidation, fertilizer imports, pest control, animal husbandry, tractor use, and seed production. The plan also stressed the cultivation and harvesting of marine products and the development of short-term industrial crops (crops that can be planted and harvested in a single growing season and that require some form of processing before being marketed, such as beans, peanuts, and oil-bearing crops) and long-term industrial crops (crops that also include a processing stage but that require a lengthy period of cultivation, such as coffee, tea, pepper, and coconuts). The government also identified forestry as an important sector of the economy to be developed.
Production of consumer goods was improved in order to meet the basic needs of the people, to balance goods and money, to create jobs, and to develop an important source of capital accumulation and export commodities. The volume of consumer goods produced was expected to increase by an average annual rate of 13 to 15 percent, compared with the 11.3 percent average annual increase recorded during the Third Five-Year Plan.
Adequate incentive policies for raw materials production were deemed critical to the development of high-quality consumer goods for internal consumption and export. Priority in using foreign exchange was to be given to importers of needed raw materials. The plan also sought to protect domestic production of consumer goods and to emphasize local production of goods over imports.
In order to obtain the foreign exchange needed to fulfill import requirements and to carry out trade agreements with other countries, the government scheduled a major increase--70 percent above the previous plan's target--in the volume of exports. Under the Fourth Five-Year Plan, particular emphasis was to be given principal products such as processed agricultural goods, light industry, handicraft goods, and fish products.

[edit] The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1990-94)

[edit] The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1994-98)

[edit] The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1998-2002)

[edit] The Eight Five-Year Plan (2002-06)

[edit] The Ninth Five-Year Plan (2006-10)

Five-year plans of India


  • It may require general cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since October 2007.

  • The economy of India is based in part on planning through its five-year plans, developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission. With the Prime Minister as the ex officio Chairman, the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman, who has rank of a Cabinet minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is currently the Deputy Chairman of the Commission. The tenth plan completed its term in March 2007 and the eleventh plan is currently underway.[1] Prior to the Fourth plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which lead to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.[2]

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    [edit] First plan (1951-1956)

    The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first five-year plan to the Parliament of India on 8 December 1951. The first plan sought to get the country's economy out of the cycle of poverty. The plan addressed, mainly, the agrarian sector, including investments in dams and irrigation. The agricultural sector was hit hardest by the partition of India and needed urgent attention.[3] The total planned budget of Indian rupee206.8 billion (US$23.6 billion in the 1950 exchange rate) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2 percent), agriculture and community development (17.4 percent), transport and communications (24 percent), industry (8.4 percent), social services (16.64 percent), land rehabilitation (4.1 percent), and for other sectors and services (2.5 percent).[4] The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems like- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.
    The target growth rate was 2.1 percent annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 percent. During the first five-year plan the net domestic product went up by 15 percent. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8 percent. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra Dam and Hirakud Dam. The World Health Organization, with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.
    At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. University Grant Commission was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country.[5]
    Contracts were signed to start five steel plants; however these plants did not come into existence until the middle of the second five-year plan.

    [edit] Second plan (1956-1961)

    This plan functioned on the basis of a nude model. The Mahalanobis model was propounded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in the year 1953.[citation needed] The second five-year plan focused on industry, especially heavy industry. Unlike the First plan, which focused mainly on agriculture, domestic production of industrial products was encouraged in the Second plan, particularly in the development of the public sector. The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statiatical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods.[6][7]
    Hydroelectric power projects and five steel mills at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
    The Atomic Energy Commission was formed in 1958 with Homi J. Bhabha as the first chairman. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was established as a research institute. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.

    [edit] Third plan (1961-1966)

    The third plan stressed on agriculture and improving production of rice, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the Defence industry. In 1965-1966, India fought a war with Pakistan. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
    Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grassroot level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
    State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. The target growth rate of GDP(gross domestic product)was 4.5 percent.The achieved growth rate was 4.3 percent.[citation needed]

    [edit] Fourth plan (1969-1974)

    At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took place.
    Funds earmarked for the industrial development had to be diverted for the war effort. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test in 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.

    [edit] Fifth plan (1974-1979)

    Stress was laid on employment, poverty alleviation, and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. Electricity Supply Act was enacted in 1975, which enabled the Central Government to enter into power generation and transmission.[citation needed] leaders.
    The Indian national highway system was introduced for the first time and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded.

    [edit] Sixth plan (1980-1985)

    The sixth plan also marked the beginning of economic liberalization. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian Plan and Rajiv Gandhi was prime minister during this period.
    Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.

    [edit] Seventh plan (1985-1990)

    The Seventh Plan marked the comeback of the Congress Party to power. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
    The main objectives of the 7th five year plans were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment opportunities.
    As an outcome of the sixth five year plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, control on rate of Inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the seventh five Year plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The 7th Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the 7th Five year plan have been enlisted below:
    • Social Justice
    • Removal of oppression of the weak
    • Using modern technology
    • Agricultural development
    • Anti-poverty programs
    • Full supply of food, clothing, and shelter
    • Increasing productivity of small and large scale farmers
    • Making India an Independent Economy
    Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the 7th Plan was focused on achieving the pre-requisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The Plan expected a growth in labour force of 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 percent per year.
    Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five Year Plan India are given below:
    • Balance of Payments (estimates): Export - Indian rupee33,000 crore (US$ 7.5 billion), Imports - (-)Indian rupee54,000 crore (US$ 12.3 billion), Trade Balance - (-)Indian rupee21,000 crore (US$ 4.8 billion)
    • Merchandise exports (estimates): Indian rupee60,653 crore (US$ 13.8 billion)
    • Merchandise imports (estimates): Indian rupee95,437 crore (US$ 21.7 billion)
    • Projections for Balance of Payments: Export - Indian rupee60,700 crore (US$ 13.8 billion), Imports - (-) Indian rupee95,400 crore (US$ 21.7 billion), Trade Balance- (-) Indian rupee34,700 crore (US$ 7.9 billion)
    Seventh Five Year Plan India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.

    [edit] Period between 1989-91

    1989-91 was a period of political instability in India and hence no five year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao)was the twelfth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (currently, Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of privatisation and liberalisation in India.

    [edit] Eighth plan (1992-1997)

    Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995.This plan can be termed as Rao and Manmohan model of Economic development. The major objectives included, containing population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, Institutional building,tourism management, Human Resource development, Involvement of Panchayat raj, Nagarapalikas, N.G.O'S and Decentralisation and people's participation. Energy was given prority with 26.6% of the outlay. An average annual growth rate of 6.7% against the target 5.6% was achieved.

    [edit] Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002)

    Ninth Five Year Plan India runs through the period from 1997 to 2002 with the main aim of attaining objectives like speedy industrialization, human development, full-scale employment, poverty reduction, and self-reliance on domestic resources.
    Background of Ninth Five Year Plan India: Ninth Five Year Plan was formulated amidst the backdrop of India's Golden jubilee of Independence.
    The main objectives of the Ninth Five Year Plan of India are:
    • to prioritize agricultural sector and emphasize on the rural development
    • to generate adequate employment opportunities and promote poverty reduction
    • to stabilize the prices in order to accelerate the growth rate of the economy
    • to ensure food and nutritional security
    • to provide for the basic infrastructural facilities like education for all, safe drinking water, primary health care, transport, energy
    • to check the growing population increase
    • to encourage social issues like women empowerment, conservation of certain benefits for the Special Groups of the society
    • to create a liberal market for increase in private investments
    During the Ninth Plan period, the growth rate was 5.35 per cent, a percentage point lower than the target GDP growth of 6.5 per cent. [8]

    [edit] Tenth plan (2002-2007)

    • Attain 8% GDP growth per year.
    • Reduction of poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007;
    • Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force;*All children in India in school by 2003; all children to complete 5 years of schooling by 2007;
    • Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007;*Reduction in the decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%;*Increase in Literacy Rates to 75 per cent within the Tenth Plan period (2002 to 2007);

    [edit] Eleventh plan (2007-2012)

    The eleventh plan has the following objectives:
    1. Income & Poverty
      • Accelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th Plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17
      • Increase agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits
      • Create 70 million new work opportunities.
      • Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%.
      • Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent.
      • Reduce the headcount ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points.
    2. Education
      • Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12
      • Develop minimum standards of educational attainment in elementary school, and by regular testing monitor effectiveness of education to ensure quality
      • Increase literacy rate for persons of age 7 years or above to 85%
      • Lower gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage point
      • Increase the percentage of each cohort going to higher education from the present 10% to 15% by the end of the plan
    3. Health
    4. Women and Children
      • Raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17
      • Ensure that at least 33 percent of the direct and indirect beneficiaries of all government schemes are women and girl children
      • Ensure that all children enjoy a safe childhood, without any compulsion to work
    5. Infrastructure
      • Ensure electricity connection to all villages and BPL households by 2009 and round-the-clock power.
      • Ensure all-weather road connection to all habitation with population 1000 and above (500 in hilly and tribal areas) by 2009, and ensure coverage of all significant habitation by 2015
      • Connect every village by telephone by November 2007 and provide broadband connectivity to all villages by 2012
      • Provide homestead sites to all by 2012 and step up the pace of house construction for rural poor to cover all the poor by 2016-17
    6. Environment
      • Increase forest and tree cover by 5 percentage points.
      • Attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.
      • Treat all urban waste water by 2011-12 to clean river waters.
      • Increase energy efficiency by 20 percentage points by 2016-17.